Which landscape features associated with volcanoes

Hu et al. He introduced classification methods of gold deposits according to the volcanic internal ore-controlling structures [ 57 ]: 1 gold deposits from bedrock, such as the super large gold bearing porphyry copper deposits in Bingham in the United States and Chuquicamata in Chile; 2 gold deposits from the contact zone between bedrock and volcanic caprock, such as the gold ore in Tuanjiegou, Heilongjiang, China; 3 gold deposits from the volcanic edifice of the caprock of volcanic rock series, such as Conrad in Kazakhstan; 4 gold deposits from hot spring accumulation near volcanic craters, such as Round Mountain in Nevada, California, the United States.

Jiang et al. They classified gold deposits into three categories [ 58 ]. The first category is volcanic sediment deposits in tensioned structures which were formed by submarine volcanism.

The second category is plutonic volcanic gold deposits formed due to plate activities and collisions during the orogenic and post-orogenic period. They are classified into three sub-categories: 1 gold deposits in intrusive rocks or contact zones including the vein deposits in intrusive rocks and porphyric gold deposits, e.

The third category is the placer gold deposits formed due to weathering and sedimentation under hypergene conditions.

Diatomite is a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. It has a particle size ranging from less than 1 micrometre to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to micrometres.

Diatomite is formed by the accumulation of the amorphous silica opal, SiO 2 nH 2 O remains of dead diatoms microscopic single-celled algae in lacustrine or marine sediments [ 60 ]. So diatomite can be found in exposed maar crater lakes. Where there are maar crater lakes, there are diatomite e. It is used as a filtration aid, mild abrasive, mechanical insecticide, absorbent for liquids, matting agent for coatings, reinforcing filler in plastics and rubber, anti-block in plastic films, porous support for chemical catalysts, cat litter, an activator in blood clotting studies and a stabilizing component of dynamite.

As it is heat-resistant, it can also be used as a thermal insulator [ 60 ]. Most of these deposits are related to calc-alkali volcanic rock, mainly andesite. Some of these deposits are replacement and vein deposits. The ore are zinc carbonate and zinc silicate in the supergene enrichment in the Jurassic Kamawkala limestone near the Thai-Myanmar border. Many famous landscapes and tourist attraction are also volcanic areas, and all of them are colourful and charming.

Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.

The World Heritage List includes sites forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value [ 61 ]. These include cultural, natural and 28 mixed properties in states. Some of them are closely related to volcanic activities and the unique geological landscape and ecological systems in these places illustrate the charm of volcanic activities for humans.

A global geopark is a unified area with geological heritage of international significance and where that heritage is being used to promote the sustainable development of the local communities that live there [ 63 ]. The key heritage sites within a geopark should be protected under local, regional or national legislation as appropriate.

Location of the world nature heritage sites and geoparks which are related to volcanic activities. We will now introduce some typical heritage sites and geoparks which are associated with volcanic activities Table 6 , Table 7. World nature heritage sites which are related to volcanic activities [ 61 ]. Global Geoparks which are related to volcanic activities [ 64 , 65 ]. Landscape of Wudalianchi, China. There are many other volcanic landscapes around the world besides the heritage sites and geoparks which have not been listed in Table 6 and Table 7.

Take the Llancanello Volcanic Field in Argentina as an example, together with the nearby Payun Matru Field, there are at least scoria cones and voluminous lava fields that cover an extensive area behind the Andean volcanic arc, six volcanoes show evidence of explosive eruptions involving magma-water interaction.

Tuff rings and tuff cones can also be seen in this field. The diversity of volcanic landforms is so well-preserved that some people are promoting it as a geopark. Changbai Mountain volcano area Figure 17 in northeast China is also a famous resort around the world. In Changbai Mountain, the forest is boundless, waterfalls are plentiful, the mountain peaks poke into the clouds and steamy hot springs flow along the canyons.

Tianchi is embraced by a group of peaks. It is a paradise for scientific research because of rich biological resources, forest resources, mineral resources and typical volcanic geomorphologic landscape.

We believe that all volcanic heritage sites should be protected under local, regional or national legislation as appropriate. Landscape of Changbai Mountain, China. Volcanoes have provided us with material and spiritual wealth. The land resources enlarge our habitats; geothermal activity is a clean and regenerative energy source; hot springs and mineral springs are beneficial to our health; volcanic materials had become new and popular materials of the 21 st century; gemstones and mineral resources are symbols of wealth; volcano landscapes provide us with an opportunity to experience the rich and extraordinary natural world of the volcanic zones.

It is said that volcanoes have had a far-reaching impact upon our lives and participated in the progress of our society. So we should protect volcanic resources, exploit them reasonably and appreciate all the gifts which volcanoes give us. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. Downloaded: Introduction Many land resources are formed by volcanoes. Table 1. Table 2. Development of generating geothermal power from to Hot springs A hot spring is a kind of spring belonging to ground water.

Table 3. Some famous hot springs with medical value around the world. Mineral springs Mineral springs are springs with lots of mineral substances. Table 4. Mineral spring culture The historic culture of mineral springs can be traced back to two thousand years BC.

Development background of basalt fibre In , the trial production of rock wool with basalt as the primary raw material succeeded in Wales, UK [ 39 ]. Properties and use of basalt fibre Compared with glass fibre, rock wool, asbestos and chemical fibre, basalt fibre and its products have extraordinary performance and have multiple application capabilities Table 5 : Good thermal property and flame retardant property: basalt fibre is amorphous state inorganic silicate substance, with good temperature-resistance and heat insulation and without thermal contraction [ 42 ].

Table 5. Diamonds Diamonds are commonly hosted in kimberlite pipes that are commonly looked upon as a specific type of maar diatreme volcano Figure Sapphires Sapphires are commonly hosted in dykes, volcanic necks and lava flows which are composed by alkali basalts.

Garnets Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. Opal and others Australia is the opal capital of the world. Obsidian Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock.

Gold deposit Gold deposits attract the constant attention of every country around the world. Diatomite Diatomite is a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. Lord Howe Island is the eroded remnant of a large shield volcano which erupted from the sea floor intermittently for about , years in the late Miocene 6. The entire island group has remarkable volcanic exposures not known elsewhere.

Gondwana Rainforests of Australia The outstanding geological features displayed around shield volcanic craters and the high numbers of rare and threatened rainforest species are of international significance for science and conservation.

Macquarie Island Macquarie Island is an oceanic island in the Southern Ocean, lying 1, km south-east of Tasmania and approximately halfway between Australia and the Antarctic continent. Brazil Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Rocas Atoll represent the peaks of a large submarine mountain system of volcanic origin, which rises from the ocean floor some 4, m in depth.

The Fernando de Noronha volcano is estimated to be between 1. Democratic Republic of the Congo Virunga National Park Virunga National Park is notable for its chain of active volcanoes and the greatest diversity of habitats of any park in Africa. Features include hot springs in the Rwindi plains and the Virunga Massif volcanoes, such as Nyamulagira 3, m and Nyiragongo 3, m , are still active, which alone account for two-fifths of the historical volcanic eruptions on the African continent.

They are especially notable because of their highly fluid alkaline lavas. The activity of Nyiragongo is globally significant for its demonstration of lava lake volcanism, with a quasi-permanent lava lake at the bottom of its crater, periodic draining of which has been catastrophic to the local communities.

Kahuzi-Biega National Park A vast area of primary tropical forest dominated by two spectacular extinct volcanoes, Kahuzi and Biega, the park has a diverse and abundant fauna. Dominica Morne Trois Pitons National Park Luxuriant natural tropical forest blends with scenic volcanic features of great scientific interest in this national park centred on the 1,m-high volcano known as Morne Trois Pitons. Ongoing seismic and volcanic activities reflect the processes that formed the islands.

The larger islands typically comprise one or more gently sloping shield volcano, culminating in collapsed craters or calderas. Other noteworthy landscape features include crater lakes, fumaroles, lava tubes, sulphur fields and a great variety of lava and other ejects such as pumice, ash and tuff. The park is dominated by three volcanoes, Tungurahua 5, m and El Altar 5, m to the north-west and Sangay 5, m in the central section of the park.

Dominated by two towering volcanic peaks, massive walls and three cliff-rimmed cirques, the property includes a great variety of rugged terrain and impressive escarpments, forested gorges and basins creating a visually striking landscape. Iceland Surtsey Surtsey is a new island formed by volcanic eruptions in It has been legally protected from its birth and provides the world with a pristine natural laboratory. There is a recent tendency to promote Surtsey Island as a geopark.

They exist nowhere else in the world. Ujung Kulon National Park This national park, located in the extreme south-western tip of Java on the Sunda shelf, includes the Ujung Kulon peninsula and several offshore islands and encompasses the natural reserve of Krakatoa. In addition to its natural beauty and geological interest — particularly for the study of inland volcanoes — it contains the largest remaining area of lowland rainforests in the Java plain.

Italy Isole Eolie Aeolian Islands The Aeolian Islands provide an outstanding record of volcanic island-building and destruction, and ongoing volcanic phenomena. Studied since at least the 18th century, the islands have provided the science of vulcanology with examples of two types of eruption Vulcanian and Strombolian.

It is an ancient extinct volcano, during whose period of activity 3. It includes Geomunoreum, regarded as the finest lava tube system of caves anywhere, with its multicoloured carbonate roofs and floors, and dark-coloured lava walls; the fortress-like Seongsan Ilchulbong tuff cone, rising out of the ocean, a dramatic landscape; and Mount Halla, the highest in Korea, with its waterfalls, multi-shaped rock formations, and lake-filled crater.

The mountains at the heart of the park have cultural and religious significance for the Maori people and symbolize the spiritual links between this community and its environment. Russian Federation Volcanoes of Kamchatka This is one of the most outstanding volcanic regions in the world, with a high density of active volcanoes, a variety of types, and a wide range of related features.

Saint Lucia Pitons Management Area Dominating the mountainous landscape of St Lucia are the Pitons, two steep-sided volcanic spires rising side by side from the sea. The Pitons are part of a volcanic complex, known to geologists as the Soufriere Volcanic Centre which is the remnant of one or more huge collapsed stratovolcano. The Pitons occur with a variety of other volcanic features including cumulo-domes, explosion craters, pyroclastic deposits pumice and ash and lava flows Spain Teide National Park Teide National Park, dominated by the 3, m Teide-Pico Viejo stratovolcano, represents a rich and diverse assemblage of volcanic features and landscapes concentrated in a spectacular setting.

Teide National Park is an exceptional example of a relatively old, slow moving, geologically complex and mature volcanic system. Tanzania, United Republic of Ngorongoro Conservation Area The Ngorongoro Conservation Area spans vast expanses of highland plains, savannah, savannah woodlands and forests. Ngorongoro Crater is one of the largest inactive unbroken calderas in the world which is unflooded. It has a mean diameter of km, a crater floor of 26, ha, and a rim soaring to m above the crater floor.

The formation of the crater and other highlands are associated with the massive rifting which occurred to the west of the Gregory Rift Valley. Kilimanjaro National Park Mount Kilimanjaro is one of the largest volcanoes in the world. It has three main volcanic peaks, Kibo, Mawenzi and Shira. With its snow-capped peak and glaciers, it is the highest mountain in Africa.

It is made up of some 40, massive black basalt columns sticking out of the sea. The Causeway Coast has an unparalleled display of geological formations representing volcanic activity during the early Tertiary period some million years ago. The most characteristic and unique feature of the site is the exposure of a large number of regular polygonal columns of basalt in perfect horizontal sections forming a pavement. Tertiary lavas of the Antrim Plateau, covering some 3, km 2 , represent the largest remaining lava plateau in Europe.

The coastline is composed of a series of bays and headlands consisting of resistant lavas. The average height of the cliffs is m, and has a stepped appearance due to the succession of five or six lava flows through geological time. St Kilda This volcanic archipelago, with its spectacular landscapes, is situated off the coast of the Hebrides and comprises the islands of Hirta, Dun, Soay and Boreray.

It has some of the highest cliffs in Europe, which have large colonies of rare and endangered species of birds, especially puffins and gannets. It boasts an impressive array of geothermal phenomena, with more than 3, geysers, lava formations, fumaroles, hot springs and waterfalls, lakes and canyons. The latest eruptive cycle formed a caldera 45 km wide and 75 km long, when the active magma chambers erupted and collapsed.

The crystallizing magma is the source of heat for hydrothermal features such as geysers, hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Lies in the south-east part of the island of Hawaii Big Island , the easternmost island of the State of Hawaii, and includes the summit and south-east slope of Mauna Loa and the summit and south-western, southern, and south-eastern slopes of the Kilauea Volcano.

This property serves as an excellent example of island building through volcanic processes. It represents the most recent activity in the continuing process of the geologic origin and change of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Table 6. The surface geology of Kanawinka is a striking contrast of sweeping plains and spectacular cones which are largely the product of volcanic activity. The Geopark displays geological history and the nature of volcanoes in the region. The landscape of the Stonehammer Geopark has been created by the collision of continents, the closing and opening of oceans, volcanoes, earthquakes, ice ages and climate change.

The Geopark also has comprehensive sedimentary rock formations formed about to 55 million years ago. In addition, It is integrated with diverse ecological resources and historical relics, all combining to form the unique natural landscape of Hong Kong Geopark. Jingpo lake covers an area of 79 square kilometres with a total water volume of 1. It is the largest lava barrier lake in China, and the second largest in the world. About 1 million years ago, Lava as a result of volcanic eruption blocked the river bed of the Mudanjiang River forming a lava dam.

As a result, the incipient Jingpo Lake began to take shape. In the late Glacial Period, larger volcanic eruptions helped build a more voluminous lava dam. Hence the Jingpo Lake as we see it today. The Diaoshuilou Waterfall is the only large collapsed-lava waterfall of China which is also rarely seen in the world. More than volcanoes are densely distributed across the Geopark.

These include examples of nearly all volcanic types. Judging from the number, variety and completeness of the volcanoes, the park is considered topmost among the Quaternary volcanic belts of China.

The Geopark is extremely rich in volcanic landscapes and lava structures, such as different kinds of lava flows and tunnels. The territory of the park spans Haikou City and Zhanjiang City, which are famous cultural centres.

Also, the Geopark is positioned in an ecological transition area characterized by a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The major landform in the park is the Danxia landform and others but minor are volcanic landforms. Ningde Geopark Ningde Geopark is located in the southeastern part of the Eurasian Plate, belonging to the continental marginal active zone adjacent to the Pacific Ocean.

Ningde Geopark is an integration of various landforms such as miarolite landform, volcanic landform, erosion riverbed landform, and erosion coastal landform. The occurrence of many landforms in a geopark suggests that the area has a complicated geological history.

At the same time, the park landform landscape also has the very high ornamental value. Wudalianchi World Geopark is such a precious legacy left by the volcanic actions in the Quaternary period. The five connected lakes, like a string of beads, are formed by the latest volcanic magma filling the ancient Baihe valley, thus named Wudalianchi five connected lakes. The Mount Yandang Shan is a natural park based on its geological landform of Cretaceous volcanic rhyolite.

The geoheritage in the Park is referred to as a typical example of the formation and evolvement mode of reviviscent caldera on the edge of Asian Plates in late Mesozoic. From the Geoheritage, we can see the complete geo-evolving process of the eruption, subsiding and reviviscent apophysis of volcanoes. The Geoheritage provides a permanent sample for studying the volcanoes in Mesozoic. More recent geological features result from mountain building with Mesozoic sediments and 65 million years old, including carbonate rocks, mostly dolomites, as well as the Cretaceous volcanic sedimentary complex of Rupnica.

The Rupnica geosite is famous due to a characteristic exposure of the columnar jointing developed in the albite rhyolite volcanic rock. Volcanoes dot the landscape, with known eruption centres, and give the area its name — Vulkaneifel. In some craters, bogs and lakes have formed while others remain dry. Similarly, fossils found in 43 million years old sediments of Eckfeld Maar are of worldwide importance, since they contained an archetypal horse and the oldest known honey bee.

The Vulkaneifel has attracted geo-scientists for years and many international research projects have been conducted here. Formed some 15 to 20 million years ago, due to intense volcanic activity, the trees were covered by lava, ashes and other materials that were spewed into the atmosphere. The Lesvos Petrified Forest Global Geopark brings visitors to an ancient forest preserved by a massive volcanic eruption 20 million years ago.

Psiloritis Geopark Psiloritis Monts rose up through the sea a few million years ago when the African continent encroached on Europe. Psiloritis Geopark is characterized by its superb geodiversity. This is reflected by a great variety of volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks aging from Permian to Pleistocene to 1 million year ago , outstanding folds and faults, fascinating caves and deep gorges with rich biodiversity.

The geology of the Geopark includes diverse past volcanic events and a geological history dating back the last 30 million years from the birth of the Pannonian basin.

Within a small area, the Geopark contains a wide spectrum of volcanic sites of spectacular sights, and several landscape protection areas and other territories. Recently people pay more attention to the Maar diatreme volcanism and Miocene andesite volcanism in the region.

Iceland Katla Geopark The Katla Geopark is named after the volcano Katla that has for centuries had great impact on Icelandic nature and people living in the area. Katla Geopark is located in the southern part of Iceland. Apart from the ice-capped volcanoes and lava streams, sandur plains with their black beaches and rootless vents pseudocraters are prominent features in the landscape.

It also contains geographical features, such as ria type coasts, sand dunes, sandbars, volcanoes and valleys. Thanks to such diversity, the Geopark is home to rare plants like Pseudolysimachion ornatum and Ranunculus nipponicus, as well as Ciconia boyciana Oriental White Storks - a symbol of biodiversity.

This is a unique region which has a wealth of characteristic geological relics in a relatively compact area, from the ,year-old Toya Caldera to the 20, to 10,year-old Nakajima domes and a strato-volcano Usu, as well as the recent history of eruptions. There are also precious fauna and flora living in the conserved thick forest and abundant water resources. Unzen Volcanic Area Global Geopark Unzen volcano gives us a lot of gifts: outstanding landscapes, hot springs, spring water, fertile agricultural soil, and so on.

On the other hand, Unzen volcano erupts repeatedly and causes serious disasters. In , about 15, people were killed by the tsunami derived from the strong earthquakes due to sector collapse of an old lava dome, one of the worst volcanic disasters in Japan. In , a part of lava dome at the summit of the mountain collapsed.

The pyroclastic surges containing giant hot ash clouds took 44 lives. Many buildings, houses, and school were also completely burned or buried by the flows and many residents lost their property.

The burned school building and destroyed houses of the last eruption have been preserved just as they were. Now, these facilities are the main geosites of the Geopark and have been utilized widely for local disaster prevention educational programs in Japan.

Korea Jeju Geopark See Table 6. The story told in this geopark is a 1. Magma Geopark Magma Geopark is situated in southwest Norway.

The story began as early as 1. Although the magma has cooled down and solidified and the mountains have been worn away, the area offers a glimpse into the roots of an ancient mountain chain.

Subduction occurs when two tectonic plates converge, and the denser of the two plates is pushed beneath the other plate. Volcanism will be present at the leading edge of the top plate. When a continental plate and oceanic plate converge, the denser oceanic plate is subducted. The descending plate is heated by pressure and Earth's geothermal gradient. This leads to the formation of magma.

The magma rises to the surface, and a belt of composite volcanoes forms. Subduction commonly generates felsic and intermediate magmas. There is not much volcanic activity at the convergence of two continental plates because continental crust is typically not dense enough to be subducted. The volcanic activity on the Aleutian Islands and the Alaskan Peninsula is caused by subduction. Visit volcanic parks in Alaska that are associated with subduction zones.

Hot Spots. Volcanic activity can occur in areas that are in the interior of a plate, far away from spreading centers or subduction zones.

Rising magma somewhere inside the borders of a plate can create a local "hot spot. Hot spots originate deep inside Earth, so they remain stationary while the plates above them move. That is how island chains like the Hawaiian Islands are formed. The magma associated with hot spots is mafic, so shield volcanoes are commonly formed.

Hot spots are also associated with many geothermal features. The Hawaiian Islands were formed when the Pacific Plate passed over a hot spot. Yellowstone National Park is also a result of hot spot volcanism.

Photo Gallery. Geological Monitoring. The volcano Izalco in El Salvador is a small, steep-sided volcano. What conclusions can be drawn about the characteristics of the lava that formed this volcano? Viscosity is a property of lava. When lava is heated or cooled, its viscosity changes. Think about what type of demonstration could be designed to show the effect of temperature on the viscosity of lava.

Then answer the following questions. Propose a hypothesis that describes the relationship between temperature and viscosity. What substances could be used to demonstrate the effects of temperature on the viscosity of lava?

How would you manipulate the temperature of the substance? What factors must remain the same? Name: Volcanoes Short Study Guide. Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.